A cinco siglos de la introducción de la paloma de Castilla (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789) en el Perú

La paloma de Castilla (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789) originaria de África y Eurasia se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en la mayor parte de Europa, Asia occidental, África y América. Columba livia fue introducida en el Perú por los españoles en el siglo XVI. Habita en zonas urbanas y rurales; en las últimas décadas su población ha crecido de manera exponencial alrededor del mundo; se considera que es una especie comensal del ser humano y en algunos casos en las ciudades que coloniza, causa daño a la infraestructura y constituye un riesgo en la salud pública. Si bien su origen es silvestre se comporta como una de las especies con mayor interacción con los humanos. El incremento de su población en las ciudades la ha convertido en una especie plaga. En esta revisión se describe el estado actual del conocimiento de las poblaciones de Columba livia, sus posibles efectos sobre la salud de la población humana, el ornato público y el análisis de su condición de especie exótica invasora, a cinco siglos de su introducción en el Perú.

The Castile pigeon (Columba livia Gmelin, 1789), native to Africa and Eurasia, is widely distributed in most of Europe, western Asia, Africa and America. Columba livia was introduced to Peru by the Spanish in the 16th century. It lives in urban and rural areas; in recent decades its population has grown exponentially around the world; it is considered to be a commensal species of the human being and in some cases in the cities it colonizes, it causes damage to the infrastructure and constitutes a risk to public health. Although its origin is wild, it behaves as one of the species with the greatest interaction with humans. The increase in its population in cities has turned it into a pest species. This review describes the current state of knowledge of Columba livia populations, its possible effects on the health of the human population, public ornamentation and the analysis of its status as an invasive exotic species, five centuries after its introduction into the Peru.

First record of helminths parasitizing Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) in Acre state, southwestern Brazilian Amazon / Primeiro registro de helmintos parasitando Vanellus chilensis (Aves, Charadriiformes) no estado do Acre, sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

The southern lapwing, Vanellus chilensis, is a bird frequently seen in most of Brazil. Although it is widely distributed in other Brazilian biomes, including some parts of the Brazilian Amazon, it has only been recorded in the western Amazonian state of Acre since 2000. We report the presence of intestinal parasites in individuals of V. chilensis from the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve in Acre through a coproparasitological analysis. Seven of the nine sampled individuals were parasitized. We observed larvae of Strongyloides sp. (28.5% of the samples), and eggs of Ascaridia sp. (28.5%), Ancylostoma sp. (14.2%), and Choanotaenia sp. (42.8%). These parasites are reported for the first time parasitizing V. chilensis in Brazil. The parasitized birds may act as reservoirs and were recorded in a peridomicile area, which may facilitate their contact with domestic birds.

O quero-quero, Vanellus chilensis é uma ave vista com frequência no Brasil. Apesar de ser uma espécie amplamente distribuída em todos os biomas brasileiros, incluindo algumas partes da Amazônia bresileira, somente a partir de 2000 começou a ser observado no Estado do Acre. Neste trabalho relatamos a presença de parasitas intestinais em indivíduos de V. chilensis capturados na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema, no Acre, por meio de análise coproparasitológica. Dos nove indivíduos com amostras coletadas, sete estavam parasitados. Foram encontradas larvas de Strongyloides sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ascaridia sp. (28,5%), ovos de Ancylostoma sp. (14,2%) e ovos de Choanotaenia sp. (42,8%). Estes parasitos são registrados pela primeira vez parasitando V. chilensis no Brasil. As aves parasitadas podem atuar como reservatórios e foram registradas em área de peridomicílio, o que pode facilitar o contato com aves domésticas.

Sarcocystidae in wild birds of southeastern Brazil / Sarcocystidae em aves silvestres do sudeste do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to identify members of the Sarcocystidae family in naturally infected wild birds at a rescue center in the state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. The heart and brain of 44 wild birds were evaluated by bioassay in mice to detect T. gondii, and extracted DNA was used for nested PCR of the 18S ribosomal DNA gene to detect members of the Sarcocystidae family. The positive samples were sequenced, assembled, edited and compared with sequences deposited in GenBank. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from six (13.6%) out of 44 birds. Toxoplasma gondii DNA was identified in 10/44 (22.7%) of the birds. The amplified sequences exhibited 100% similarity with the DNA of the ME49 strain of T. gondii. Sarcocystis DNA (99% similarity) was identified in 5/44 (11.4%) of the birds. T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. are common in wild birds in Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar membros da família Sarcocystidae em aves silvestres de vida livre naturalmente infectadas e resgatadas no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Coração e cérebro de 44 aves silvestres foram avaliados por bioensaio em camundongos para detecção de T. gondii e extração de DNA para Nested-PCR do gene 18S do DNA ribossomal de membros da família Sarcocystidae. As amostras positivas foram sequenciadas, analisadas, editadas e comparadas com sequências depositadas no GenBank. Toxoplasma gondii foi isolado de seis (13,6%) das 44 aves. DNA de T. gondii foi identificado em 10/44 (22,7%) das 44 aves. As sequências amplificadas exibiram 100% de similaridade com o DNA da cepa ME49 de T. gondii. DNA de Sarcocystis (99% de similaridade) foi identificado em 5/44 (11,4%) das 44 aves. T. gondii e Sarcocystis spp. são encontrados, comumente, em aves silvestres no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

Cross-species surveillance and risk factors associated with Avian Coronavirus in North-Central and South West Regions of Nigeria

@#Infectious bronchitis viral (IBV) (Avian coronavirus) diseases is among the major reproductive diseases affecting the avian production in Africa. There is scanty information on its current status and vaccination compliance among captive wild birds (CWB) and indigenous chickens (LC) in Nigeria. This study aimed to assess the exposure and the risk factors associated with IBV in CWB and LC from North-central and South west regions of Nigeria. Sera samples from 218 LC and 43 CWB were examined for IBV IgG using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Also, owners of LC and managers of CWB were interviewed using a pre-tested structured checklist. An overall IBV prevalence of 42.9% (112/261) was obtained. Captive wild birds and indigenous chickens had 11.6% (5/43) and 49.1% (107/218) prevalence respectively with a significant difference (p< 0.0001, OR= 7.3, 95% CI= 2.8-19.3). Also, geo-location indicated significant difference in IBV exposure among birds (p<0.034). Furthermore, the study showed that there had never been laboratory screening on all acquired wild birds for exposure to infectious agents in the study location while none of these birds (LB/CWB) had history of vaccination. Since IBV is endemic in Nigeria, the use of vaccine for prophylactic measure should be advocated among LC and CWB owners in order to avoid unnecessary losses. Also, the essence of screening for infectious agents in newly acquired wild birds should be considered crucial for health sustenance and public safety.

Diseases of wild birds in southern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Doenças de aves silvestres no sul do Rio Grande do Sul

Necropsy protocols of the "Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico" of "Faculdade de Veterinária" of the "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" were reviewed, ranging the period from 2000 to 2018. Three hundred eighty one necropsies, 25 refrigerated and/or formaline fixed organs, and seven biopsies were received, representing 413 samples. Most of these materials were sent by the "Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre" of "Universidade Federal de Pelotas" (NURFS-CETAS-UFPel) and were from municipalities within the range area of LRD-UFPel influence. Of the 413 cases 55 (13.31%) corresponded to metabolic/nutritional diseases; 50 (12.10%) to trauma; 35 (8.47%) to bacterial diseases/toxi-infections; 30 (7.26%) to parasitic diseases; 28 (6.77%) to fungal diseases; four (0.97%) to viral diseases and 17 (4.11%) to other diseases. Cases where it was not possible to determine the etiology, were in severe autolysis or were inconclusive totaled 194 (46.97%). Metabolic/nutritional diseases and traumatic injuries were the main cause of death in wild birds', being Passeriformes the most affected order.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo dos diagnósticos de causas de morte e de lesões em aves silvestres na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul de 2000 a 2018. Foram revisados os protocolos de necropsia e materiais de aves silvestres encaminhados ao Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas no período. Foram recebidos 381 cadáveres para necropsia, 25 órgãos refrigerados e/ou em formol e 7 biopsias, totalizando 413 materiais. A maioria desses materiais foi remetida pelo Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS-UFPel) e provenientes de municípios da área de influência do LRD-UFPel. Dos 413 casos 55 (13,31%) corresponderam a doenças metabólicas/nutricionais; 50 (12,10%) a traumas; 35 (8,47%) a doenças bacterianas/toxi-infecções; 30 (7,26%) a doenças parasitárias; 28 (6,77%) doenças fúngicas; 4 (0,97%) doenças virais e 17(4,12%) outras doenças que não se encaixavam nas categorias. Ainda em nos casos em que não foi possível determinar a etiologia, apresentaram autólise acentuada ou foram inconclusivos somaram 194 (46,97%). As doenças metabólicas/nutricionais e lesões traumáticas foram as principais causas de morte de aves silvestres, sendo a ordem mais afetada a Passeriformes.(AU)

First report of Davaneidae and Strongylida parasitizing Ramphocelus carbo (Aves: Passeriformes: Thraupidae) in the southwest of the Brazilian Amazon region / Primeiro relato de Davaneidae e Strongylida parasitando Ramphocelus carbo (Aves: Passeriformes: Thraupidae) no sudoeste da Amazônia brasileira

Abstract In Brazil, species of the genus Ramphocelus with the presence of various endoparasites have already been reported. Coccidia have been the parasites most frequently found. All species of this genus have similar habitats and ecological niches, which makes parasite transmission easy. The aim of this study was to diagnose the presence of endoparasites in fecal samples from specimens of Ramphocelus carbo that were caught in the Cazumbá-Iracema Extractive Reserve (Cazumbá Resex), in the State of Acre. The specimens (n = 30) were caught in mist nets arranged in different ecosystems of the Reserve. After identification, the bird specimens were placed in cloth bags for a maximum of 30 minutes to collect feces. Among the 22 samples collected, 63.63% (n = 14) were positive for endoparasites. The coccidia were the parasites most frequently. Helminths belonging to Ascaridiidae (Nematoda), Strongylida (Nematoda) and Davaneidae (Cestoda) were recorded for the first time in R. carbo in the State of Acre. Parasites belonging to Strongylida and Davaneidae were recorded for the first time in a species of Ramphocelus. These findings add information on the parasitic fauna of wild birds, since in the Amazon region there are few studies on this subject.

Resumo No Brasil, espécies do gênero Ramphocelus ja foram relatadas com a presença de vários endoparasitos, sendo os coccídios os parasitos mais frequentes. Todas as espécies do gênero possuem habitats e nichos ecológicos semelhantes, facilitando a transmissão desses parasitos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo diagnosticar a presença de endoparasitos em amostras fecais de Ramphocelus carbo capturadas na Reserva Extrativista Cazumbá-Iracema (Resex do Cazumbá), localizada no estado do Acre. Os espécimes (n=30) foram capturados em redes de neblina dispostas em diferentes ecossistemas da Reserva. Após a identificação das aves, os espécimes foram colocadas em sacos de pano por no máximo 30 minutos para coleta das fezes. Das 22 amostras coletadas, 63,63% (n = 14) foram positivas para endoparasitas. Os coccídíos foram os parasitos mais frequentes. Os helmintos Ascaridiidae (Nematoda), Strongylida(Nematoda) e Davaneidae (Cestoda) foram registrados pela primeira vez em R. carbo, no estado do Acre. Strongylida e Davaneidae são registrados pela primeira vez em uma espécie pertencente a Ramphocelus. Esses achados acrescentam informações sobre a fauna parasitária de aves silvestres, pois na Amazônia existem poucos estudos nessa área.

Evidence of the role of free-living birds as disseminators of Salmonella spp / Evidências das aves de vida livre como transmissoras de Salmonella spp

This study aimed to review aspects of Salmonella spp. in free-living birds and their potential as disseminators for domestic animals, man, and the environment. Isolation of Salmonella spp. have been reported in several species of wild birds from Passeridae and Fringillidae, among other avian families, captured in countries of North America and Europe, where Salmonella ser. Typhimurium is the most frequently reported serotype. The presence of pathogens, including Salmonella, may be influenced by several factors, such as diet, environment, exposure to antibiotics, infection by pathogenic organisms and migration patterns. Researches with wild birds that live in urbanized environment are important, considering that birds may participate in the transmission of zoonotic pathogens, which are more prevalent in cities due to the human activity. Based on the information collected, this article concludes that wild birds are still important disseminators of pathogens in several geographic regions and may affect man, domestic animals, and other birds.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão acerca da Salmonella spp. em aves de vida livre e o potencial delas como disseminadores para animais domésticos, homem e meio ambiente. Casos na literatura relatando Salmonella spp. têm sido descritos em diversas espécies de aves silvestres da família Passeridae e Fringilidae em países da América do Norte e Europa, sendo Salmonella ser. Typhimurium o sorotipo relatado mais frequentemente. A presença de patógenos como Salmonella spp. pode ser influenciada por fatores como dieta, ambiente onde vive, contaminação por antibióticos, infecção por organismos patogênicos e padrões de migração. Pesquisas envolvendo as aves silvestres que vivem em ambiente urbanizado são importantes, pois as aves podem possibilitar a transmissão de patógenos zoonóticos que têm maior prevalência em áreas urbanas devido a mecanismos de ação humana. Com base nas informações coletadas, conclui-se que as aves silvestres continuam sendo importantes na disseminação de patógenos em diversas regiões geográficas, podendo afetar o homem, animais domésticos e outras aves silvestres.(AU)

Detection of avian metapneumovirus subtype A from wild birds in the State of São Paulo, Brazil / Detecção de metapneumovirus aviário subtipo A em aves silvestres no estado de São Paulo, Brasil

The present study investigated the circulation of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in wild birds in Brazil. To do so, 131 samples from 366 oropharyngeal or cloacal swabs collected from 18 species of birds were tested individually or in pools by RT-PCR. Samples detected by RT-PCR were selected for DNA sequencing. Thirteen (9.9%) samples were detected by the RT-PCR targeting the N gene and four out of 13 samples were sequenced. Sequencing results showed a high identity with the aMPV subtype A. Our results confirm the circulation of the aMPV subtype A in wild birds in Brazil even five years after its last detection.(AU)

O presente estudo investigou a circulação de metapneumovírus aviário em aves silvestres no Brasil. Para tanto, 131 amostras de 366 suabes orofaringeanos ou cloacais coletados de 18 espécies de aves foram testadas individualmente ou na forma de pools por RT-PCR. As amostras detectadas por RT-PCR foram selecionadas para sequenciamento. Treze (9,9%) das amostras foram detectadas por RT-PCR tendo o gene N como alvo; destas, quatro foram sequenciadas com sucesso. Resultados do sequenciamento mostraram alta identidade com o aMPV de subtipo A. Nossos resultados confirmam a circulação de aMPV subtipo A em aves silvestres no Brasil mesmo cinco anos após sua última detecção.(AU)

Occurrence of antibiotic resistant Campylobacter in wild birds and poultry

Aims@#Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, particularly in developed countries and is reported to show an increased trend in antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of Campylobacter in wild birds, poultry and in poultry environments in Selangor, Malaysia as well as to determine the rate of antibiotic resistance among Campylobacter isolates from poultry and wild birds. @*Methodology and results@#The wild birds were trapped near poultry farm areas and in open areas which were more than 5 km away from poultry farms (refered to as open environment). Of 57 wild birds trapped near the farm environment, 17.5% were positive for Campylobacter and out of these, 90% were Campylobacter jejuni. Of a total of 77 birds in the open environment, 22.1% were positive for Campylobacter and of these 88.7% were C. jejuni. The poultry farms consisted of 3 chicken and 2 duck farms. About 60% of the chickens and 44.8% of the ducks were positive for Campylobacter of which 80% were C. jejuni, while 20% were Campylobacter coli. The Campylobacter isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility test using disk diffusion method against 12 antibiotics. All the isolates (100%) from wild birds around poultry houses were resistant to at least one antibiotic. @*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The findings showed 93% of the isolates from wild birds were resistant to at least two antibiotics. Campylobacter isolates from poultry in the farms were resistant to at least one antibiotic. The antibiotic resistant Campylobacter is of public health importance.

Acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain of wild birds in Korea—2014 to 2016

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity level can be used as a diagnostic marker for anticholinesterase pesticide poisoning. In this study, we aimed to establish a baseline level of normal brain AChE activity in wild birds. AChE activity was measured in the brains of 87dead wild birds (26 species). The level of AChE activity ranged from 6.40 to 15.9 µmol/min/g of brain tissue in normal wild birds. However, the brain tissue AChE activity level in wild birds exposed to organophosphate (OP) pesticide was 48.0%–96.3% of that in the normal birds. These results may serve as reference values to facilitate routine diagnosis and monitoring of OP-poisoned wild birds.

Occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in feces of wild birds from Central Italy

Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli (E. coli), enteropathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. Methods: Fecal samples collected from 121 wild birds of different orders and species were submitted to molecular analyses. In particular, eaeA encoding intimin, hlyA encoding for hemolysin, stx1 and stx2 genes encoding Shiga-toxins 1 and 2, respectively, were investigated. Results: Overall, 21(17.35%) fecal samples resulted positive for at least one of the investigated genes. In detail, 12(9.91%) samples were positive for eaeA, 10(8.26%) for stx1, 4(3.31%) for hylA and 1(0.83%) for stx2. An owl (Athene noctua) positive for the four investigated genes suggesting that it harbored a STEC strain. However, virulence genes characterizing EPEC, and EHEC strains were mainly found among seagulls, waterfowl and feral pigeons. Conclusions: Seagulls, waterfowl and feral pigeons, which frequently reach and contaminate rural, urban and peri-urban areas with their droppings, may be important sources of E. coli infection for other animals and humans.

Occurrence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in feces of wild birds from Central Italy

Objective: To investigate the potential role of wild birds as fecal spreaders of enteropathogenic, enterohemorrhagic and Shiga-toxins producing Escherichia coli (E. coli), enteropathogenic E. coli, enterohemorrhagic E. coli and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains. Methods: Fecal samples collected from 121 wild birds of different orders and species were submitted to molecular analyses. In particular, eaeA encoding intimin, hlyA encoding for hemolysin, stx1 and stx2 genes encoding Shiga-toxins 1 and 2, respectively, were investigated. Results: Overall, 21(17.35%) fecal samples resulted positive for at least one of the investigated genes. In detail, 12(9.91%) samples were positive for eaeA, 10(8.26%) for stx1, 4(3.31%) for hylA and 1(0.83%) for stx2. An owl (Athene noctua) positive for the four investigated genes suggesting that it harbored a STEC strain. However, virulence genes characterizing EPEC, and EHEC strains were mainly found among seagulls, waterfowl and feral pigeons. Conclusions: Seagulls, waterfowl and feral pigeons, which frequently reach and contaminate rural, urban and peri-urban areas with their droppings, may be important sources of E. coli infection for other animals and humans.

Antimicrobial susceptibility and diarrheagenic diagnosis of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from feral pigeons (Columba livia) captured in Fortaleza, Brazil / Isolamento, sensibilidade antimicrobiana e diagnóstico de cepas diarreiogênicas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella enterica isoladas de pombos urbanos (Columba livia) capturados em Fortaleza, Brasil

This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica from captured feral pigeons in Fortaleza, Brazil, and, in addition to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and diagnose diarrheagenic E. coli strains. Pigeons were captured in four public locations in Fortaleza with three techniques. Individual cloacal swab samples were collected and submitted to bacterial isolation, biochemical identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test. Disk diffusion technique was used with twelve antibiotics. E. coli strains were submitted to DNA extraction followed by PCR to diagnose five diarrheagenic pathotypes. A total of 124 birds were captured. One bird was positive for Salmonella enterica (0.81%) and 121 (97.58%) were positive for E. coli. Among these, 110 isolates were submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility test and 28.18% (31/110) presented resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance to azithromycin was the most frequent (21.82%), followed by tetracycline (10.91%) and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (8.9%). Multidrug resistance, calculated as a resistance to at least 3 antimicrobial classes, was identified in 3.64% (4/110) of strains. The maximum number of antimicrobial classes to which one strain was resistant was seven. Results demonstrated nine different resistance profiles and the most frequent was tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (4 strains), followed by chloramphenicol, azithromycin, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim (3 strains). Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid and tobramycin presented lowest levels of antimicrobial resistance, to which none of the tested strains were resistant. A single strain was positive for the eltB gene, which is a diagnostic tool to identify the Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) pathotype. None of the other investigated genes (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA and aaiC) were identified. The single isolate of S. enterica was a rough strain of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, but serotype identification was not possible. However, this isolate presented resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim. Therefore, captured feral pigeons of Fortaleza presented a low prevalence of S. enterica and diarrheagenic E. coli. Considering the investigated pathogens, our results suggest a good health status and a low public health risk. However, important antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar cepas de Escherichia coli e Salmonella enterica de pombos urbanos capturados em Fortaleza, Brasil, e avaliar os perfis de resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados, bem como diagnosticar patotipos diarreiogênicos de E. coli. Pombos foram capturados em quatro locais públicos de Fortaleza utilizando três técnicas. Amostras individuais de suabes cloacais foram coletadas e submetidas a isolamento bacteriano, seguido de identificação bioquímica e teste de susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos. A técnica de disco difusão foi utilizada para avaliar resistência antimicrobiana a doze antibióticos. Cepas de E. coli foram submetidas à extração de DNA seguido de PCR para o diagnóstico de cinco patotipos diarreiogênicos. Um total de 124 aves foram capturadas, a partir das quais em uma houve isolamento de Salmonella enterica (0,81%) e em 121 (97,58%) houve isolamento de E. coli. Destas, 110 isolados foram submetidos a teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos e 28,18% (31/110) apresentaram resistência a pelo menos um antibiótico. Resistência a azitromicina foi a mais frequente (21,82%), seguida por tetraciclina (10,91%) e sulfametoxazol com trimetoprim (8,9%). Resistência a múltiplas drogas foi identificada em 3,64% (4/110) dos isolados e o número máximo de antibióticos aos quais uma única cepa foi resistente foi sete. Resultados demonstraram nove diferentes perfis de resistência e o mais frequente foi tetraciclina e sulfametoxazol com trimetoprim (4 cepas), seguido por cloranfenicol, azitromicina, tetraciclina e sulfametoxazol com trimetoprim (3 cepas). Amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico e tobramicina foram os antibióticos com menor resistência antimicrobiana, aos quais nenhuma cepa apresentou resistência. Uma única cepa foi positiva para o gene eltB que é usado para diagnóstico do patotipo E. coli enterotoxigênica (ETEC), enquanto que os demais genes investigados (stx1, stx2, estA, eaeA, ipaH, aatA e aaiC) não foram identificados. A única cepa de S. enterica isolada foi identificada como uma cepa rugosa de Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica e, portanto, a identificação do sorotipo não foi possível. Entretanto, este isolado apresentou resistência a amoxicilina, amoxicilina com ácido clavulânico, tetraciclina e sulfametoxazol com trimetoprim. Portanto, pombos urbanos capturados em Fortaleza apresentaram baixa prevalência de cepas de S. enterica e E. coli diarreiogênicas. Considerando os patógenos investigados, os resultados encontrados sugerem um bom status sanitário destas aves e um baixo risco à saúde pública. Entretanto, importantes perfis de resistência antimicrobiana foram identificados.(AU)

Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. e Yersinia enterocolitica isoladas de animais silvestres em um centro de reabilitação / Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. and Yersinia enterocolitica isolated from wildlife animals of a reabilitation center

Muitas espécies de animais silvestres de vida livre servem como reservatório de bactérias patogênicas que ameaçam a saúde humana e dos animais domésticos. Algumas bactérias, como Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Yersinia enterocolitica e Salmonella enterica, causam enfermidades em humanos e podem contaminar os animais domésticos e silvestres. O Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-UFPel) soluciona uma demanda regional específica de atenção à fauna silvestre brasileira. O objetivo desse trabalho foi identificar a presença de Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Salmonella spp. e Yersinia enterocolitica em animais silvestres que se encontravam em processo de reabilitação. Foram coletadas amostras de fezes, com uso de zaragatoas estéreis, de 34 aves, 16 mamíferos e 23 répteis. Dos 73 animais amostrados, quatro (5,48%) albergavam Y. enterocolitica, sendo duas aves, um mamífero e um réptil. Salmonella e Campylobacter não foram isolados. Os perfis de bandas dos isolados de Y. enterocolitica analisados pela rep-PCR foram diferentes entre si. Esses resultados indicam que as cepas isoladas não estão relacionadas entre si, não possuindo uma origem comum recente. Vanellus chilensis, Turdus rufiventris, Didelphis albiventris e Pantherophis guttatus podem albergar Y. enterocolitica e eliminá-la nas fezes, oferecendo risco de disseminação desse micro-organismo no ambiente, além de constituírem possíveis fontes de contaminação para humanos e outros animais.(AU)

Wild animals can transmit pathogenic bacteria to human and domestic animal's health. Some bacteria, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Yersinia enterocolitica and Salmonella enterica, cause diseases in humans and can contaminate domestic and wild animais. The Núcleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre of Universidade Federal de Pelotas (Nurfs-UFPel) attend a specific regional demand of wildlife in Brazil. The aim of this paper was to identify the presence of these pathogenic bacteria in wild animals in rehabilitation. Stool samples were collected using sterile swabs from 34 birds, 16 mammals and 23 reptilian that were housed at Nurfs. Of the 73 collections, Y. enterocolitica was isolated from four (5.48%) of two birds, one mammal and one reptile. Salmonella and Campylobacter were not isolated. The molecular profile of bands of Y. enterocolitica identified in rep-PCR had differences. These results indicated that the isolates did not have a recent common origin. Pantherophis guttatus, Didelphis albiventris, Turdus rufiventris and Vanellus chilensis could shelt Y. enterocolitica and eliminate the bacteria in stool, offering risk of dissemination of these microorganisms in the environment with possible contamination of humans and other animals.(AU)

Parásitos gastrointestinales de aves silvestres en un ecosistema ribereño urbano tropical en Heredia, Costa Rica / Gastrointestinal parasites of wild birds in a tropical riverine urban ecosystem in Heredia, Costa Rica

Resumen En las zonas urbanas, los ríos brindan diversos servicios ecosistémicos, entre ellos, funcionan como corredores biológicos interurbanos, permitiendo a las aves trasladarse y refugiarse en medio de la ciudad. Sin embargo, los altos niveles de contaminación las exponen, e incluso al ser humano, a diversos problemas de salud. De aquí la importancia de realizar diagnósticos ambientales que permitan identificar alteraciones y mitigarlos de forma oportuna. En este estudió se da un primer diagnóstico de la situación parasitaria de las aves silvestres del río Pirro ubicado en un entorno urbano, fragmentado y con altos niveles de contaminación superficial del agua. El muestreo se llevó a cabo en la parte alta y media del río Pirro en Heredia, Costa Rica. Se utilizaron redes de niebla para la captura de las aves, y se les realizó un examen objetivo general (EOG) para revisar su estado de nutrición e hidratación, así como su estado físico; además, se recolectaron muestras de heces para la caracterización de los parásitos gastrointestinales (PGI). Este procedimiento se realizó a 158 aves, correspondientes a 30 especies, se identificaron tres grupos de estos: protozoarios, nematodos y cestodos. Los porcentajes de infección más altos estuvieron representados por los coccidios, con 97.6 %, seguido de los nematodos y cestodos con un 2.4 %. Dentro del grupo de los coccidios se logró identificar: Eimeria spp., Isospora spp., en los nemátodos: a nivel de grupo Strongylida y a nivel de género: Capillaria spp. Y para los céstodos: Choanotaenia spp. El EOG resultó de regular a bueno en todos los individuos capturados sin embargo, mediante el modelo de regresión lineal general (General Lineal Model) se identificó que la cavidad oral de las aves y el estado del plumaje, podrían ser las variables más relacionadas con el porcentaje de infección por parásitos gastrointestinales, esto debido a que la cavidad oral es la vía principal de ingesta para el ave, así como el estado del plumaje evidencia su vigor.

Abstract In urban ecosystems, rivers provide various ecosystem services, among them, serving as interurban biological corridor, allowing birds to move and shelter in the middle of the city. However, high levels of pollution expose them, and even humans, to several health problems. Hence the importance of performing environmental diagnoses that allows to identify alterations and mitigate them in a timely manner. This study provides a first diagnosis of the parasitic situation of wild birds along the Pirro river which is located in an urban environment, fragmented and with high levels of surface water pollution. The sampling was carried out at the upper and middle part of the Pirro river in Heredia, Costa Rica. Mist-nets were used to capture the birds, and a general objective exam (GOE) was conducted in order to evaluate their nutritional and hydration state, as well as their physical state. In addition, stool samples were collected in order to characterize the gastrointestinal parasites (GPI). This procedure was carried out on 158 birds, belonging to 30 species, three PGI groups were identified: protozoa, nematodes and cestodes. The highest percentages of infection were represented by coccidia, with 97.6 %, followed by nematodes and cestodes with 2.4 %. Within the group of coccidios, it was possible to identify Eimeria spp., Isospora spp., in the nematodes: at the Strongylida group level and at the Capillaria spp., and for the cestodes: Choanotaenia spp. GOE resulted regular-to-good in all individuals captured, however, a general linear model was used to identify that the oral cavity and the state of the plumage could be the more linked variables with the percentage of infection by gastrointestinal parasites in birds, due to the fact that the oral cavity is the bird's main route of ingestion, as well as the state of the plumage shows its vigor. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 788-798. Epub 2018 June 01.

Osteossíntese de rádio e ulna em Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis) / Radius and ulna osteosynthesis in a Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis)

Foi atendido um Gavião Caboclo (Buteogallus meridionalis), de vida livre e histórico desconhecido. O paciente apresentava impotência funcional da asa direita e solução de continuidade de aspecto recente envolvendo a região de rádio e ulna direitos caracterizando fratura aberta grau II. Os achados radiológicos foram fratura completa cominutiva de diáfise média de ulna e fratura completa tranversa de diáfise média de rádio. A estabilização da fratura de rádio foi realizada com miniplaca de 1,5mm de 6 orifícios, com 2 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais e, osteossíntese de ulna com placa bloqueada de 2,0mm de 12 orifícios, com 3 parafusos proximais e 2 parafusos distais. Aos 180 dias de pós-operatório, os implantes ortopédicos foram removidos e o paciente recebeu alta. Conclui-se que o emprego de placa bloqueada para tratamento de fraturas abertas em ulna de Gavião Caboclo, pode propiciar adequada consolidação e retorno à função do membro sendo capaz de voar.(AU)

A wild Savanna Hawk (Buteogallus meridionalis) of unknown history, was seen at the veterinary hospital. The patient presented with a dropped right wing and soft tissue damage that appeared to be a recent wound involving the right radius and ulna region, characterizing an open fracture grade II. The radiological findings were a comminuted complete fracture of the ulnar diaphysis and complete transverse fracture of the radial diaphysis. Stabilization of the radius fracture was performed with a 1.5mm miniplate with 6 holes, with 2 proximal screws and 2 distal screws, and ulna osteosynthesis with a 2.0mm locking plate with 12 holes, with 3 proximal screws and 2 distal screws. At 180 postoperative days, the implants were removed and the patient was discharged. The use of locking plate for the treatment of open fractures in ulna of Savanna Hawks may provide adequate healing and return to limb function being able to fly.(AU)

Contribución al conocimiento de los malófagos (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera) de aves del Perú. Parte 2 / Contribution to the knowledge of the Mallophaga (Phthiraptera, Amblycera, Ischnocera) of the birds from Peru. Part 2

En el presente estudio se da a conocer doce especies de malófagos colectados en aves mantenidas en cautiverio de manera temporal o permanente en el Perú. Cuatro malófagos Amblycera: Colpocephalum turbinatum, Psittacobrosus amazonicus, Psittacobrosus burmeisteri y Kurodaia sp., así como ocho malófagos Ischnocera: Neopsittaconirmus gracilis, Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatus, Paragoniocotes mirabilis, Paragoniocotes nanus, Paragoniocotes neivai, Paragoniocotes pyrrhurae, Philoceanus amadoni y Quadraceps burhinoides, fueron identificados mediante el diagnóstico morfológico. Se realiza una breve descripción de cada malófago, así como la discusión de sus hospederos y distribución.

This study presents twelve species of Mallophaga collected from birds held in captive in a temporary or permanent enclosure in Peru. Four Mallophaga Amblycera: Colpocephalum turbinatum,Psittacobrosus amazonicus, Psittacobrosus burmeisteri y Kurodaia sp., as well as eight Mallophaga Ischnocera: Neopsittaconirmus gracilis, Paragoniocotes fulvofasciatus, Paragoniocotes mirabilis, Paragoniocotes nanus, Paragoniocotes neivai, Paragoniocotes pyrrhurae, Philoceanus amadoni y Quadraceps burhinoides, were identified morphologically. A brief description of each chewing lice and discussion about their hosts and distribution were done.

Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) located in Pontal do Sul, PR, Brazil / Ocorrência de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus (Foster, 1781) localizados em Pontal do Sul, PR, Brasil

Gastrointestinal parasitism is the main health problem faced by Spheniscus magellanicus, known as Magellanic penguins, in route on the Brazilian coast. The aim of this research was to report the occurrence and intensity of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus that reached Pontal do Sul, Paraná, South of Brazil. The study was performed at the Marine Study Center of the Federal University of Parana (CEM-UFPR) with 38 specimens, 31 were necropsied and seven were examined alive with coproparasitological exams. From the necropsied animals, 93.5% (29/31) were parasitized with at least one parasite species. Contracaecum pelagicum was the most prevalent 93,5% (29/31) parasite, followed by Cardiocephaloides physalis (64.5%) and Tetrabothrius lutzi (51.6%). Only one animal was free of parasites and the most infected bird had 1.076 parasites with an average of 194 worms. Willis-Mollay method revealed that 57.1% (4/7) had C. pelagicum eggs. In conclusion, the high rate of gastrointestinal parasites in S. magellanicus confirms the clinical exams, when animals had poor health conditions when they were found in the cost of Paraná. This study provides data to enrich the literature regarding the helminth fauna of the Magellanic penguins, assisting sanitary control programs in Rehabilitation Centers for Marine Animals.(AU)

As parasitoses gastrintestinais são o principal problema sanitário enfrentado pelo Spheniscus magellanicus, conhecido como pinguim-de-magalhães, que faz rota no litoral brasileiro. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi relatar a ocorrência e a intensidade de parasitas gastrintestinais em Spheniscus magellanicus encontrados em Pontal do Sul, Paraná, Sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado no Centro de Estudos Marinhos da Universidade Federal do Paraná, CEM-UFPR, com 38 espécimes; 31 dos quais foram necropsiados, e em sete aves vivas foram realizados exames coproparasitológicos. Do total analisado, 93,5% (29/31) aves estavam parasitadas com pelo menos uma espécie, sendo o Contracaecum pelagicum o mais prevalente, 93,5% (29/31), seguido de Cardiocephaloides physalis (64,5%) e de Tetrabothrius lutzi (51,6%). Somente um animal estava livre de parasitas e a ave mais infectada possuía 1.076 parasitas; a média foi em 194 vermes. No exame de Willis-Mollay, foi observada positividade em 57,1% (4/7) para C. pelagicum. Conclui-se que o alto índice de parasitas gastrintestinais em S. magellanicus confirma os exames clínicos que eles apresentaram, de baixa condição sanitária, quando foram encontrados no litoral do Paraná. Este estudo fornece dados que irão enriquecer a literatura sobre a helminto fauna do pinguim-de-magalhães, auxiliando programas de controle sanitário em Centros de Reabilitação de Animais Marinhos.(AU)

Investigação de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul / Investigation of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

As doenças infecciosas são reconhecidamente causadoras de declínios populacionais de animais silvestres e algumas delas podem representar ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, além de comparar os resultados obtidos por meio do método bacteriológico convencional e da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), mediante a utilização de material fecal do ambiente, evitando-se o estresse da contenção. Durante os meses de agosto/2016 e setembro/2016 foram coletadas amostras de fezes frescas de 90 gaiolas em dois criatórios, representando 180 aves. Com as duas técnicas empregadas nas análises, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp., contudo foram detectadas bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. e Citrobacter freundii. Considera-se importante a continuidade do monitoramento dos criatórios, já que o patógeno investigado pode estar em aves portadoras e se manifestar em situações de estresse, representando riscos enquanto zoonose e prejuízos à saúde das aves.(AU)

Infectious diseases are known to cause decline in wildlife population and some of them may represent a threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to comparing the results obtained through the conventional bacteriological method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using fecal matter collected from the environment, avoiding the containment stress. From August to September 2016, samples of fresh feces were collected from 90 cages in two breeding grounds, representing 180 birds. According to both analysis techniques the samples were negative for Salmonella spp., however, bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. and Citrobacter freundii were detected. Continuous monitoring of breeding grounds is important since the pathogen investigated can be found in carrier birds and manifest itself in stressful situations presenting risks such as zoonosis and reduced bird health.(AU)

Incidência de Candida spp. segundo a sazonalidade em excretas de aves silvestres e exóticas cativas analisadas no Laboratório ADN/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brasil (2010-2014) / Seasonal incidence of Candida spp. found in feces of captive wild and exotic birds by ADN Laboratory/Poços de Caldas-MG, Brazil (2010-2014)

Candidíase é a doença causada pelas leveduras do gênero Candida spp., agindo tanto como agentes primários ou secundários de doenças importantes em aves e humanos. O presente estudo teve por objetivo estudar as 599 amostras com pedido de diagnóstico para Candida spp. em um laboratório diagnóstico comercial na cidade de Poços de Caldas, MG-Brasil, no período de 2010 à 2014, levando em consideração a sazonalidade (verão, outono, inverno e primavera) e origem geográfica das amostras. Ao analisar o grupo com todas as ordens de aves em todo território brasileiro, foram 28,05% resultados positivos (168/599) e 71,95% resultados negativos (431/599), sendo 19,9% (119/599) dos resultados obtidos no verão, 30,6% (183/599) no outono, 28,04% (168/599) no inverno e 21,54% (129/599) na primavera. Dentro dos resultados obtidos, no verão 31,09% (37/119) foram positivos; no outono 31,15% (57/183); no inverno 30,4% (51/168) e por fim, na primavera 17,83% (23/129) (Quadro 3), tendo sido demonstrada baixa incidência nesta última estação (p=0,003) pelo teste de Qui-Quadrado. Com base nestes achados conclui-se que durante a primavera, há diminuição da incidência de resultados positivos para Candida spp. possivelmente devido a um aumento da imunocompetência destes animais durante esta estação, sendo necessários mais estudos para associar resultados clínico-práticos aos estatísticos encontrados nesta pesquisa.

Candidiasis is a frequent disease caused by yeasts of Candida spp., that acts either like primary or secondary agent for humans and aviary important disease. This article carried out data analysis from 599 laboratory avian samples sent for microbiology analysis in a commercial diagnostic laboratory located in Poços de Caldas city-Minas Gerais state in Brazil, from 2010 to 2014 period with respect to seasonality and geographic distribution. All avian orders analysis from all geographic areas studied reveled 28.05% positives results (168/599) e 71.95% negatives results (431/599), distributed by seasonality 19.9% (119/599) at summer, 30.6% (183/599) in autumn , 28.04% (168/599) in winter and 21.54% (129/599) in springs. At summer 31.09% (37/119) were positives for Candida sp.; 31.15% (57/183) in autumn; 30.4% (51/168) in winter at last 17.83% (23/129) in springs. Results revealed at Q-square statistic test (p<0.05) significant reduction in occurrence at springs (p=0.03) possible due to an increased immunocompetence at this time but more studies are necessary to better understanding this finding.